Kawasaki Ki45Kai Tei Toryu 屠龍
'Dragon Slayer'
'Dragon Slayer'
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Design and development
In response to the rapid emergence in Europe of twin-engine heavy fighters such as the Messerschmitt Bf 110, the army ordered development of a twin-engine, two-seat fighter in 1937, and assigned the
proposal by Kawasaki Shipbuilding the designation of Ki-38. This only went as far as a mock up, but by December of that year, the army ordered a working prototype as the Ki-45, which first flew in
January 1939. Results from the test flights, however, did not meet the army's expectations. The Ha-20 Otsu engine was underpowered and failure-prone, while the airframe suffered from nacelle stall.
The Ki-45 did not enter use, but the army, insistent on having a working twin-engine fighter, ordered Kawasaki to continue development. Kawasaki responded by replacing the engines with the proven
Nakajima Ha-25. Flight tests were promising.
In October 1940, the army ordered continued improvements such as switching to 805 kW (1,080 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-102 engines, and using the wings from the Ki-48 light bomber, which was also
designed by Doi. This craft, designated Ki-45 Kai, was complete in September 1941 and was officially adopted for use by the army in February 1942 as the "Type 2 two-seat fighter".
Operational history Ki-45
Ki-45 Toryu fighters captured at Kallang Airfield during the liberation of Singapore
The Ki-45 was initially used as a long-range bomber escort. The 84th Independent Flight Wing used them in June 1942 in attacks on Guilin, where they encountered, but were no match for, P-40
Tomahawks flown by the Flying Tigers. In September of the same year, they met P-40s over Hanoi with similar results. It became clear that the Ki-45 could not hold its own against single-engine fighters
in aerial combat.
It was subsequently deployed in several theaters in the roles of interception, ground and ship attack, and fleet defense. Its greatest strength turned out to be as an anti-bomber interceptor, as was the case
of the Bf 110 in Europe. In New Guinea, the JAAF used the aircraft in an anti-ship role, as the Ki-45 was heavily armed with one 37 mm and two 20 mm cannons and could carry two 250 kg (550 lb)
bombs on hard points under the wings. 1,675 Ki-45s of all versions were produced during the war.
The first production type (Ko) was armed with two 12.7 mm gun in the nose, a single 20 mm in the belly, and a movable 7.92 in the rear cabin, and this was followed with the Otsu with the lower 20 mm
cannon replaced by a 37 mm tank gun, to counter B-17 bombers. While the firepower was devastating, manual reloading meant that only two rounds could be fired per minute. The next type (Hei)
restored the 20 mm cannon, and this time placed an automatic 37 mm gun in the nose. A later addition was twin obliquely-firing 20 mm cannon behind the cockpit and removal of the underside 20 mm
guns.
Soon after entering service, the Ki-45 was assigned to home defense, and several were dispatched against the Doolittle raid, though they did not see action. The craft's heavy armament proved to be
effective against the B-29 raids which started in June 1944. However, its performance was insufficient to counter B-29s flying at 10,000 meters. Modifications such as reduction of fuel and ordnance
were attempted to raise performance to little avail, and in the end aircraft were used effectively in ramming attacks. An example of a ramming attack was the Kamikaze attack on USS Dickerson (APD
21) on April 2, 1945 off Okinawa. The commanding officer and 54 crew were killed when a Nick clipped the stacks from astern, and rammed the bridge. A second Nick crashed the foredeck, opening
a 23 foot hole in the deck. The ensuing fires demolished the ship, and after the surviving crew was rescued by fellow fast transports and ex-destroyers Bunch and Herbert, the ship was towed out to sea
and scuttled.
In 1945, the forward and upward-firing guns showed some results against with the commencement of night time bombing raids, but the lack of radar was a considerable handicap. By the spring of 1945,
the advent of American carrier-based fighters and Iwo Jima-based P-51s escorting B-29s over the skies of Japan brought the Ki-45's career to an end.
The next version, Kawasaki Ki-45 KAIc were developed specifically for night fighting which were supposed to be equipped with centimetrical radar in the nose, but due to production difficulties this did
not occur. Having the unique Japanese Army aircraft take part in night defense of the Home Islands equipped four sentais from the autumn of 1944 to the War's end. They obtained notable successes,
and one sentai obtained 150 victories and downed 8 USAAF B-29 Superfortresses in their first combat.
The Ki-45 was to be replaced in the ground attack role by the Kawasaki Ki-102, but was never wholly supplanted by the wars' end.
After World War II, three Ki-45 had fallen into communist Chinese hands. Unlike most captured Japanese aircraft that was used for training role, the 3 Ki-45s were tasked to perform combat missions,
being assigned to the 1st Squadron of the Combat Flying Group in March, 1949. These three Ki-45s retired in the early 1950s.
In response to the rapid emergence in Europe of twin-engine heavy fighters such as the Messerschmitt Bf 110, the army ordered development of a twin-engine, two-seat fighter in 1937, and assigned the
proposal by Kawasaki Shipbuilding the designation of Ki-38. This only went as far as a mock up, but by December of that year, the army ordered a working prototype as the Ki-45, which first flew in
January 1939. Results from the test flights, however, did not meet the army's expectations. The Ha-20 Otsu engine was underpowered and failure-prone, while the airframe suffered from nacelle stall.
The Ki-45 did not enter use, but the army, insistent on having a working twin-engine fighter, ordered Kawasaki to continue development. Kawasaki responded by replacing the engines with the proven
Nakajima Ha-25. Flight tests were promising.
In October 1940, the army ordered continued improvements such as switching to 805 kW (1,080 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-102 engines, and using the wings from the Ki-48 light bomber, which was also
designed by Doi. This craft, designated Ki-45 Kai, was complete in September 1941 and was officially adopted for use by the army in February 1942 as the "Type 2 two-seat fighter".
Operational history Ki-45
Ki-45 Toryu fighters captured at Kallang Airfield during the liberation of Singapore
The Ki-45 was initially used as a long-range bomber escort. The 84th Independent Flight Wing used them in June 1942 in attacks on Guilin, where they encountered, but were no match for, P-40
Tomahawks flown by the Flying Tigers. In September of the same year, they met P-40s over Hanoi with similar results. It became clear that the Ki-45 could not hold its own against single-engine fighters
in aerial combat.
It was subsequently deployed in several theaters in the roles of interception, ground and ship attack, and fleet defense. Its greatest strength turned out to be as an anti-bomber interceptor, as was the case
of the Bf 110 in Europe. In New Guinea, the JAAF used the aircraft in an anti-ship role, as the Ki-45 was heavily armed with one 37 mm and two 20 mm cannons and could carry two 250 kg (550 lb)
bombs on hard points under the wings. 1,675 Ki-45s of all versions were produced during the war.
The first production type (Ko) was armed with two 12.7 mm gun in the nose, a single 20 mm in the belly, and a movable 7.92 in the rear cabin, and this was followed with the Otsu with the lower 20 mm
cannon replaced by a 37 mm tank gun, to counter B-17 bombers. While the firepower was devastating, manual reloading meant that only two rounds could be fired per minute. The next type (Hei)
restored the 20 mm cannon, and this time placed an automatic 37 mm gun in the nose. A later addition was twin obliquely-firing 20 mm cannon behind the cockpit and removal of the underside 20 mm
guns.
Soon after entering service, the Ki-45 was assigned to home defense, and several were dispatched against the Doolittle raid, though they did not see action. The craft's heavy armament proved to be
effective against the B-29 raids which started in June 1944. However, its performance was insufficient to counter B-29s flying at 10,000 meters. Modifications such as reduction of fuel and ordnance
were attempted to raise performance to little avail, and in the end aircraft were used effectively in ramming attacks. An example of a ramming attack was the Kamikaze attack on USS Dickerson (APD
21) on April 2, 1945 off Okinawa. The commanding officer and 54 crew were killed when a Nick clipped the stacks from astern, and rammed the bridge. A second Nick crashed the foredeck, opening
a 23 foot hole in the deck. The ensuing fires demolished the ship, and after the surviving crew was rescued by fellow fast transports and ex-destroyers Bunch and Herbert, the ship was towed out to sea
and scuttled.
In 1945, the forward and upward-firing guns showed some results against with the commencement of night time bombing raids, but the lack of radar was a considerable handicap. By the spring of 1945,
the advent of American carrier-based fighters and Iwo Jima-based P-51s escorting B-29s over the skies of Japan brought the Ki-45's career to an end.
The next version, Kawasaki Ki-45 KAIc were developed specifically for night fighting which were supposed to be equipped with centimetrical radar in the nose, but due to production difficulties this did
not occur. Having the unique Japanese Army aircraft take part in night defense of the Home Islands equipped four sentais from the autumn of 1944 to the War's end. They obtained notable successes,
and one sentai obtained 150 victories and downed 8 USAAF B-29 Superfortresses in their first combat.
The Ki-45 was to be replaced in the ground attack role by the Kawasaki Ki-102, but was never wholly supplanted by the wars' end.
After World War II, three Ki-45 had fallen into communist Chinese hands. Unlike most captured Japanese aircraft that was used for training role, the 3 Ki-45s were tasked to perform combat missions,
being assigned to the 1st Squadron of the Combat Flying Group in March, 1949. These three Ki-45s retired in the early 1950s.
